Arthroscopy
A minimally invasive surgical technique using a small camera (arthroscope) inserted through a tiny incision into a joint. Used for both diagnosis and treatment of joint conditions including fragmented coronoid process, osteochondrosis, and cruciate ligament assessment.
Arthroscopy involves inserting a rigid endoscope (arthroscope) — typically 1.9-2.7mm in diameter for canine joints — through a small portal incision into a joint space. A camera on the arthroscope transmits magnified, high-resolution images to a monitor, allowing the surgeon to visualize intra-articular structures in detail that exceeds what open surgery provides.
How It Works
The joint is distended with sterile fluid to create working space. The arthroscope is inserted through one portal, and surgical instruments are introduced through one or two additional small portals. The surgeon visualizes the entire joint surface — cartilage, menisci, ligaments, synovium — and can perform both diagnostic assessment and therapeutic procedures through these small incisions.
Common Veterinary Applications
Elbow Arthroscopy
The most frequent application in veterinary orthopedics. Used for:
- Fragmented coronoid process (FCP): the most common component of elbow dysplasia. Arthroscopy allows fragment removal and evaluation of the cartilage surface.
- Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD): removal of cartilage flaps and debridement of the underlying lesion.
- Joint assessment: complete evaluation of cartilage health, incongruity, and early osteoarthritis.
Shoulder Arthroscopy
- OCD of the humeral head
- Biceps tendon pathology
- Joint exploration for lameness of unknown origin
Stifle (Knee) Arthroscopy
- Meniscal assessment and treatment
- Cruciate ligament evaluation
- OCD lesions
Advantages Over Open Surgery
- Smaller incisions and less tissue trauma
- Better visualization of intra-articular structures (magnification)
- Faster recovery and reduced post-operative pain
- Reduced infection risk
- Ability to document findings photographically for records and owner communication
Limitations
Arthroscopy requires specialized equipment and training. Not all veterinary practices offer arthroscopy, and referral to a board-certified veterinary surgeon is typical. Some procedures still require conversion to open arthrotomy if the pathology is too complex for arthroscopic management.
Post-operative rehabilitation is important regardless of the minimally invasive approach, as joint health recovery depends on controlled return to activity and targeted physical therapy.